Changes in monthly surface area, water level, and storage of 194 lakes and reservoirs in the Yangtze River Basin during 1990-2021 using multisource remote sensing data.

Long-term, high spatiotemporal resolution of surface water area, water level, and storage changes in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) has great scientific and practical importance for improving the management of water resources. Here, three distinct area estimations were first derived using the water classification enhancement method, automated water extraction method based on random forest, and the modified normalized difference water index. The optimized area data was determined by comparing against Sentinel-2 with the minimum root mean square error. A new area data was constructed with the optimized area as the primary data, while the remaining datasets were employed to fill in gaps. The elevation-area relationship was used to derive monthly water level. Changes in water storage were calculated by applying the pyramidal frustum formula from surface water area and water level data. Finally, a new comprehensive dataset of the monthly area, level, and storage changes in the 119 lakes and 75 reservoirs across the YRB with area larger than 10 km ² from 1990 to 2021 were first reconstructed. The spatiotemporal trends of surface water area/level/storage in lakes and reservoirs over 11 sub-basins of the YRB were quantified from 1990 to 2021, as well as before (1990-2003) and after (2003-2021) the construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). During 1990-2021, there was a marked decrease in surface water area/level/storage in most of the YRB sub-basins, which contain 79 % of the lakes and 30 % of the reservoirs. After TGD was constructed, the surface water in lakes decreased by 10 %, while that of reservoirs remained consistent with the pre-construction. The surface water area/level/storage in the lower sub-basins of YRB exhibited a decline to an upward trend before and after the construction of TGD. This study provides a new comprehensive dataset for understanding the dynamic changes of water resource and climate change.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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