Visulization of peroxynitrite variation for accurate diagnosis and assessing treatment response of hepatic fibrosis using a Golgi-targetable ratiometric fluorescent probe.

Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is caused by persistent inflammation, which is closely associated with hepatic oxidative stress. Peroxynitrite (ONOO ^- ) is significantly elevated in HF, which would be regarded as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of HF. Research has shown that ONOO ^- in the Golgi apparatus can be overproduced in HF, and it can induce hepatocyte injury by triggering Golgi oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the ONOO ^- inhibitors could effectively relieve HF by inhibiting Golgi ONOO ^- , but as yet, no Golgi-targetable fluorescent probe available for diagnosis and assessing treatment response of HF through sensing Golgi ONOO ^- . To this end, we reported a ratiometric fluorescent probe, Golgi-PER, for diagnosis and assessing treatment response of HF through monitoring the Golgi ONOO ^- . Golgi-PER displayed satisfactory sensitivity, low detection limit, and exceptional selectivity to ONOO ^- . Combined with excellent biocompatibility and good Golgi-targeting ability, Golgi-PER was further used for ratiometric monitoring the Golgi ONOO ^- fluctuations and screening of ONOO ^- inhibitors from polyphenols in living cells. Meanwhile, using Golgi-PER as a probe, the overexpression of Golgi ONOO ^- in HF and the treatment response of HF to the screened rosmarinic acid were precisely visualized for the first time. Furthermore, the screened RosA has a remarkable therapeutic effect on HF, which may be a new strategy for HF treatment. These results demonstrated the practicability of Golgi-PER for monitoring the occurrence, development, and personalized treatment response of HF.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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