Green production of functionalized few-layer borophene decorated with cerium-doped iron oxide nanoparticles for repeatable hydrogen peroxide detection.

Functionalized few-layer borophene (FFB) was prepared using gallnut extract and coffee waste extract as natural exfoliating and stabilizing agents in an environmentally friendly ultrasonic and high shear exfoliation. Here, a facile precipitation method was employed to grow iron oxide nanoparticles doped with cerium (Ce-FeONPs) onto the surface of FFB. This intriguing combination of materials yielded Ce-FeONPs nanoparticles that exhibited exceptional peroxidase-like activity, efficiently catalyzing the conversion of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ O ₂ ). Additionally, the introduction of FFB contributes a reducibility effect to the catalytic oxidation of TMB, facilitating the restoration of the oxTMB to TMB. Thus, FFB-Ce-FeONPs showcase intriguing properties encompassing both oxidative and reductive characteristics, suggesting their potential as a reagent for repeated detection of H ₂ O ₂ . Moreover, a colorimetric sensing system enabled the liner detection of H ₂ O ₂ spanning a concentration range from 0.08 to 1 mM, with a detection limit of 0.03 mM. Noteworthily, FFB-Ce-FeONPs demonstrated sustained efficacy over ten successive recycling cycles, as indicated by consistent slopes and observable color changes. In summary, this work reports the first application of nanoenzymes in repetitive H ₂ O ₂ detection. Even after ten multiple cycles, the detection limit remains virtually unaltered, underscoring the robustness and enduring effectiveness of the engineered nanomaterial. The proposed simultaneous oxidation and reduction strategies for detecting H ₂ O ₂ showed a commendable capability in ten cycles of H ₂ O ₂ detection, thus providing a promising approach in the field of H ₂ O ₂ detection.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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