Immobilization of Pb(II) by Bacillus megaterium-based microbial-induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP) considering bacterial phosphorolysis ability and Ca-mediated alleviation of lead toxicity.

Inappropriate handling of lead (Pb)-containing wastewater that is produced as a result of smelting activities threatens the surrounding environment and human health. The microbial-induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP) technology was applied to immobilize Pb ²⁺ in an aqueous solution considering bacterial phosphorolysis ability and Ca-mediated alleviation of lead toxicity. Pb immobilization was accompanied by sample characterization in order to explore the inherent mechanism that affected the immobilization efficiency. Results showed that Ca ²⁺ use elevated the immobilization efficiency through the prevention of bacterial physisorption and chemisorption, an enhancement to the phosphatase activity and the degree of SGP hydrolysis, and the provision of nucleation sites for Pb ²⁺ to attach. The formation of the Pb-GP complex helped the bacteria to maintain its activity at the commencement of catalyzing SGP hydrolysis. The nucleated minerals that were precipitated in a columnar shape through a directional stacking manner under MIPP featured higher chemical stability compared to non-nucleated minerals. As a result, there were three pathways, namely, bacterial physisorption, bacterial chemisorption, and substrate chelation, applied for Pb immobilization. The immobilization efficiency of 99.6% is achieved by precipitating bioprecipitates including Pb ₅ (PO ₄ ) ₃ Cl, Pb ₁₀ (PO ₄ ) ₆ Cl ₂ , and Ca ₂ Pb ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₃ Cl. The findings accentuate the potential of applying the MIPP technology to Pb-containing wastewater remediation.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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