Infections in cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis is an immune dysfunction state, and as such, patients with cirrhosis are susceptible to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Because of infection, these patients have a propensity to develop multiorgan failure, which is associated with high mortality. Bacterial infections are the most prevalent type of infection in patients with cirrhosis, with the prevalence of bacterial infections in patients admitted for an acute decompensating event ranging from 24% to 29%. Together with invasive fungal infections, bacterial infections are the most severe. Multidrug-resistant organisms have been evolving at a rapid and alarming rate around the world, which presents enormous challenges. The development of effective measures for the prevention, early detection, and treatment of infections in patients with cirrhosis is challenging, given the rising incidence of infections in this patient population.
Competing Interests: Declaration of interests SP reports grants from the Italian Ministry of Health, European Association for the Study of the Liver, and EU (paid to the institution), has consulted for the Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association and Boehringer Ingelheim, and has received honoraria for lectures from Grifols and Medscape. SP is a member of the Italian Ministry of Health Technical and Scientific Committee. KRR reports grants and contracts from BMS, Intercept, Mallinckrodt, BioVie, Sequana, Grifols, Exact Sciences, HCC-Target, NASH-Target, Merck, Camarus, B and D Instruments (paid to the institution) and has consulted for Spark Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Mallinckrodt, Genfit, BioVie, and Pfizer. KRR has also participated on data and safety monitoring boards or advisory boards for Novartis, AstraZeneca, Genkyotex, and HiTide. CB and SM declare no competing interests.
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