Utilization of Fixed-Dose Combination Treatment for Hypertension in Medicare and Medicaid From 2016 to 2020.

Competing Interests: Disclosures Dr Ross currently receives research support through Yale University from Johnson and Johnson to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing, from the Food and Drug Administration for the Yale-Mayo Clinic Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI) program (U01FD005938), from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS022882), and from Arnold Ventures; formerly received research support from the Medical Device Innovation Consortium as part of the National Evaluation System for Health Technology and from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01HS025164 and R01HL144644); and in addition, Dr Ross was an expert witness at the request of Relator’s attorneys, the Greene Law Firm, in a qui tam suit alleging violations of the False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Statute against Biogen Inc. that was settled September 2022. Dr Dhruva receives funding from Arnold Ventures and the Department of Veterans Affairs. Dr Dhruva serves on the Medicare Evidence Development & Coverage Advisory Committee and the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review California Technology Assessment Forum. Dr Desai reports working under contract with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to develop and maintain performance measures used for public reporting and pay for performance programs. He reports research grants and/or consulting for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, MyoKardia, Novartis, scPharmaceuticals, and Vifor Pharma.” Dr Spatz receives funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (20042801-Sub01), the US Food and Drug Administration to support projects within the Yale-Mayo Clinic CERSI (U01FD005938), the NHLBI (R01HL151240), and the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (HM-2022C2-28354). Dr Faridi receives research funding from the NIH/NHLBI (K23HL161424), outside the scope of the current work. The other author reports no conflicts.