Discovery of novel pyrazole based Urea/Thiourea derivatives as multiple targeting VEGFR-2, EGFR WT , EGFR T790M tyrosine kinases and COX-2 Inhibitors, with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities.

A novel series of pyrazole derivatives with urea/thiourea scaffolds 16a-l as hybrid sorafenib/erlotinib/celecoxib analogs was designed, synthesized and tested for its VEGFR-2, EGFR ^WT , EGFR ^T790M tyrosine kinases and COX-2, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 inhibitory activities. All the tested compounds showed excellent COX-2 selectivity index in range of 18.04-47.87 compared to celecoxib (S.I. = 26.17) and TNF-α and IL-6 inhibitory activities (IC ₅₀  = 5.0-7.50, 6.23-8.93 respectively, compared to celecoxib IC ₅₀  = 8.40 and 8.50, respectively). Screening was carried out against 60 human cancer cell lines by National Cancer Institute (NCI), compounds 16a, 16c, 16d and 16 g were the most potent inhibitors with GI% ranges of 100 %, 99.63-87.02 %, 98.98-43.10 % and 98.68-23.62 % respectively, and with GI ₅₀ values of 1.76-15.50 µM, 1.60-5.38 µM, 1.68-7.39 µM and 1.81-11.0 µM respectively, in addition, of showing good safety profile against normal cell line (F180). Moreover, compounds 16a, 16c, 16d and 16 g had cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase with induced necrotic percentage compared to sorafenib of 2.06 %, 2.47 %, 1.57 %, 0.88 % and 1.83 % respectively. Amusingly, compounds 16a, 16c, 16d and 16 g inhibited VEGFR-2 with IC ₅₀ of 25 nM, 52 nM, 324 nM and 110 nM respectively, compared to sorafenib (IC ₅₀  = 85 nM), and had excellent EGFR ^WT and EGFR ^T790M kinase inhibitory activities (IC ₅₀  = 94 nM, 128 nM, 160 nM, 297 nM), (10 nM, 25 nM, 36 nM and 48 nM) respectively, compared to both erlotinib and osimertinib (IC ₅₀  = 114 nM, 56 nM) and (70 nM, 37 nM) respectively and showed (EGFR ^wt /EGFR ^T790M S.I.) of (range: 4.44-9.40) compared to erlotinib (2.03) and osmertinib (1.89).
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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