Convergence and divergence in Kawasaki disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: results from the COVASAKI survey.

Objectives: To compare Kawasaki disease (KD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in children.
Methods: Prospective collection of demographics, clinical and treatment data. Assessment of type 1 interferon (IFN) score, CXCL9, CXCL10, Interleukin (IL)18, IFNγ, IL6, IL1b at disease onset and at recovery.
Results: 87 patients (43 KD, 44 MIS-C) were included. Age was higher in MIS-C compared to KD group (mean 31±23 vs. 94±50 months, p<0.001). Extremities abnormalities (p=0.027), mucosal involvement (p<0.001), irritability (p<0.001), gallbladder hydrops (p=0.01) and lymphadenopathy (p=0.07) were more often recorded in KD. Neurological findings (p=0.002), gastrointestinal symptoms (p=0.013), respiratory involvement (p=0.019) and splenomegaly (p=0.026) were more frequently observed in MIS-C. Cardiac manifestations were higher in MIS-C (p<0.001), although coronary aneurisms were more frequent in KD (p=0.012). In the MIS-C group, the multiple linear regression analysis revealed that a higher IFN score at onset was related to myocardial disfunction (p<0.001), lymphadenopathy (p=<0.001) and need of ventilation (p=0.024). Both CXCL9 and CXCL10 were related to myocardial disfunction (p<0.001 and p=0.029). IL18 was positively associated to PICU admission (0.030) and ventilation (p=004) and negatively associated to lymphadenopathy (0.004). IFNγ values were related to neurological involvement and lymphadenopathy (p<0.001), IL1b to hearth involvement (0.006). A negative correlation has been observed between IL6 values, heart involvement (p=0.013) and PICU admission (p<0.001).
Conclusions: The demographic and clinical differences between KD e MIS-C cohorts confirm previous reported data. The assessment of biomarkers levels at MIS-C onset could be useful to predict a more severe disease course and the development of cardiac complications.