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Gut Microbes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Associated Comorbidities; Type 2 Diabetes, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), and the Potential of Microbial Therapeutics.
- Source :
-
Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins [Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins] 2024 Oct; Vol. 16 (5), pp. 1744-1761. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 22. - Publication Year :
- 2024
-
Abstract
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine anomalies among females of reproductive age, highlighted by hyperandrogenism. PCOS is multifactorial as it can be associated with obesity, insulin resistance, low-grade chronic inflammation, and dyslipidemia. PCOS also leads to dysbiosis by lowering microbial diversity and beneficial microbes, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Akkermenisa, and Bifidobacterium, and by causing a higher load of opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia/Shigella, Fusobacterium, Bilophila, and Sutterella. Wherein, butyrate producers and Akkermansia participate in the glucose uptake by inducing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose metabolism, respectively. The abovementioned gut microbes also maintain the gut barrier function and glucose homeostasis by releasing metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and Amuc&#95;1100 protein. In addition, PCOS-associated gut is found to be higher in gut-microbial enzyme β-glucuronidase, causing the de-glucuronidation of conjugated androgen, making it susceptible to reabsorption by entero-hepatic circulation, leading to a higher level of androgen in the circulatory system. Overall, in PCOS, such dysbiosis increases the gut permeability and LPS in the systemic circulation, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the circulatory system, chronic inflammation in the adipose tissue and liver, and oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in the liver. Thus, in women with PCOS, dysbiosis can promote the progression and severity of type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). To alleviate such PCOS-associated complications, microbial therapeutics (probiotics and fecal microbiome transplantation) can be used without any side effects, unlike in the case of hormonal therapy. Therefore, this study sought to understand the mechanistic significance of gut microbes in PCOS and associated comorbidities, along with the role of microbial therapeutics that can ease the life of PCOS-affected women.<br /> (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
- Subjects :
- Humans
Female
Dysbiosis microbiology
Comorbidity
Animals
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome microbiology
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome metabolism
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome therapy
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease microbiology
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease metabolism
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease therapy
Cardiovascular Diseases microbiology
Cardiovascular Diseases etiology
Cardiovascular Diseases metabolism
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 microbiology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 metabolism
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1867-1314
- Volume :
- 16
- Issue :
- 5
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 38647957
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-024-10262-y