Optimization of Calcium Fluoride Crystallization Process for Treatment of High-Concentration Fluoride-Containing Semiconductor Industry Wastewater.

This study utilized a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) for fluoride removal from high-concentration fluoride-ion-containing simulated semiconductor industry wastewater and recovered high-purity CaF ₂ crystals. The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, Ca ²⁺ to F ^- ratio, upflow velocity, seed size and seed bed height were investigated by performing lab-scale batch experiments. Considering fluoride removal and CaF ₂ crystallization efficiency, 5 h HRT, pH 6, seed height of 50 cm and [Ca ²⁺ ]/[F ^- ] ratio of 0.55 (mol/mol) were found to be optimum. The effect of the interaction between the important process parameters on fluoride removal was further analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design. The results showed that all the individual parameters have a significant impact ( p = 0.0001) on fluoride removal. SEM-EDX and FTIR analysis showed the composition of the crystals formed inside FBR. HR-XRD analysis confirmed that the crystalline structure of samples was mainly CaF ₂ . The results clearly demonstrated the feasibility of silica seed material containing FBR for efficient removal and recovery of fluoride as high-purity calcium fluoride crystals.