Quantifying possible bias in clinical and epidemiological studies with quantitative bias analysis: common approaches and limitations.

Competing Interests: Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at https://www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ and declare: AC, NWG, and JNH were paid employees of GSK at the time of the submitted work; AC, IJD, NWG, and JNH own shares in GSK; AC is currently a paid employee of McKesson Corporation in a role unrelated to the submitted work; JNH is currently a paid employee of Boehringer Ingelheim in a role unrelated to this work; DN is UK Kidney Association Director of Informatics Research; JPB was funded by a GSK studentship received by IJD and reports unrelated consultancy work for WHO Europe and CorEvitas; SML has received unrelated grants with industry collaborators from IMI Horizon, but no direct industry funding; all authors report no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.