Biochar and hydrochar application influence soil ammonia volatilization and the dissolved organic matter in salt-affected soils.

Biochar, which including pyrochar (PBC) and hydrochar (HBC), has been tested as a soil enhancer to improve saline soils. However, the effects of PBC and HBC application on ammonia (NH ₃ ) volatilization and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in saline paddy soils are poorly understood. In this research, marsh moss-derived PBC and HBC biochar types were applied to paddy saline soils at 0.5 % (w/w) and 1.5 % (w/w) rates to assess their impact on soil NH ₃ volatilization and DOM using a soil column experiment. The results revealed that soil NH ₃ volatilization significantly increased by 56.1 % in the treatment with 1.5 % (w/w) HBC compared to the control without PBC or HBC. Conversely, PBC and the lower application rate of HBC led to decrease in NH ₃ volatilization ranging from 2.4 % to 12.1 %. Floodwater EC is a dominant factor in NH ₃ emission. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensities of the four fractions (all humic substances) were found to be significantly higher in the 1.5 % (w/w) HBC treatment applied compared to the other treatments, as indicated by parallel factor analysis modeling. This study highlights the potential for soil NH ₃ losses and DOM leaching in saline paddy soils due to the high application rate of HBC. These findings offer valuable insights into the effects of PBC and HBC on rice paddy saline soil ecosystems.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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