Ecological consequences when organisms avoid a contaminated environment: A study evaluating the toxicity of fipronil.

The ability of aquatic organisms to sense the surrounding environment chemically and interpret these signals correctly is crucial to their survival and ecological niche. This study applied the Heterogenous Multi-Habitat Assay System - HeMHAS to evaluate the avoidance potential of Daphnia magna to detect fipronil-contaminated habitats in a connected landscape after a short (48 h), previous, forced exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of the same insecticide. The swimming of daphnids was also analyzed by recording the total distance covered. D. magna preferred areas with less contamination, although the effect of fipronil on their swimming ability (a decrease) was observed for all the concentrations tested. The application of non-forced multi-compartment exposure methodologies is a recent trend and is ecologically relevant as it is based on how contamination can really produce changes in an organism's habitat selection. Finally, we consider the importance of more non-forced exposure approaches where Stress Ecology can be aggregated to improve systemic understanding of the risk that contaminants pose to aquatic ecosystems from a broader landscape perspective.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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