Nonlinear study of indolamines: A hidden property that might have possible implications in neurodegeneration.

Indolamines (e.g., serotonin and melatonin) are tryptophan-derived class of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that play crucial roles in mood regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and gastrointestinal functions. These biogenic amines exert their effects by binding to specific receptors in the central nervous system, influencing neuronal activity and signalling cascades. Indolamines are vital in maintaining homeostasis, and imbalances in their levels have been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Hence, in the present study, we have investigated the nonlinear properties of indolamines under a continuous wave (CW) and pulsed laser excitation using the closed-aperture (CA) Z-scan technique. The CA Z-scan is a cost-effective and sensitive analytical tool for investigating nonlinear properties. It is observed that indolamines show negative refractive and positive absorptive nonlinearity under in vitro physiological conditions. The origin of nonlinearity is ascribed to the thermo-optical effect governed by the saturated atomic absorption and molecular orientation mechanisms under CW and pulsed laser excitation, respectively. The strength of nonlinearity is found to vary linearly with the concentration of indolamines. Overall, serotonin possesses stronger nonlinearity than melatonin. The maximum nonlinearity (refractive index (n ₂ ) & absorption coefficient (β)) for melatonin under CW and pulsed laser excitations are (-1.266 × 10 ^-12 m ² W ^-1 and -1.883 × 10 ^-17 m ² W ^-1 ) & (8.046 × 10 ^-8  mW ^-1 and 1.516 × 10 ^-13  mW ^-1 ), respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum n ₂ and β under pulsed laser excitation for serotonin are obtained as -3.195 × 10 ^-17 m ² W ^-1 and 6.149 × 10 ^-12  mW ^-1 , respectively. The outcome of the results may be utilized in understanding processes mediated by indolamines and designing therapeutic interventions.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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