Power Considerations in Designing and Interpreting Adaptive Clinical Trials.

Adaptive clinical trials allow researchers to make preplanned modifications based on accumulating data from an ongoing trial while preserving the trial's integrity and validity. These modifications may include early termination in cases of successes or lack of efficacy, refining the sample size, altering treatments or doses, or focusing recruitment efforts on individuals most likely to benefit. In this issue of NEJM Evidence , Geisler et al. ¹ report results from the Apixaban for Treatment of Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ATTICUS) trial, a multicenter randomized trial of apixaban compared with aspirin in patients with cardioembolism risk factors.