Mechanistic research: Selenium regulates virulence factors, reducing adhesion ability and inflammatory damage of Helicobacter pylori .

Background: The pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori is dependent on factors including the environment and the host. Although selenium is closely related to pathogenicity as an environmental factor, the specific correlation between them remains unclear.
Aim: To investigate how selenium acts on virulence factors and reduces their toxicity.
Methods: H. pylori strains were induced by sodium selenite. The expression of cytotoxin-associated protein A ( CagA ) and vacuolating cytotoxin gene A ( VacA ) was determined by quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Transcriptomics was used to analyze CagA , CagM , CagE , Cag1 , Cag3 , and CagT . C57BL/6A mice were infected with the attenuated strains subjected to sodium selenite induction, and H. pylori colonization, inflammatory reactions, and the cell adhesion ability of H. pylori were assessed.
Results: CagA and VacA expression was upregulated at first and then downregulated in the H. pylori strains after sodium selenite treatment. Their expression was significantly and steadily downregulated after the 5 ^th cycle (10 d). Transcriptome analysis revealed that sodium selenite altered the levels affect H. pylori virulence factors such as CagA , CagM , CagE , Cag1 , Cag3 , and CagT . Of these factors, CagM and CagE expression was continuously downregulated and further downregulated after 2 h of induction with sodium selenite. Moreover, CagT expression was upregulated before the 3 ^rd cycle (6 d) and significantly downregulated after the 5 ^th cycle. Cag1 and Cag3 expression was upregulated and downregulated, respectively, but no significant change was observed by the 5 ^th cycle. C57BL/6A mice were infected with the attenuated strains subjected to sodium selenite induction. The extent of H. pylori colonization in the stomach increased; however, sodium selenite also induced a mild inflammatory reaction in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori -infected mice, and the cell adhesion ability of H. pylori was significantly weakened.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that H. pylori displayed virulence attenuation after the 10 ^th d of sodium selenite treatment. Sodium selenite is a low toxicity compound with strong stability that can reduce the cell adhesion ability of H. pylori , thus mitigating the inflammatory damage to the gastric mucosa.
Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
(©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)