Physical Realism of Simulation Training for Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries-A Systematic Review.

Abstract: This systematic review was conducted, according to PRISMA standards, to examine the impact of the level of physical realism of simulation training on clinical, educational, and procedural outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as defined by the World Bank. A search from January 1, 2011 to January 24, 2023 identified 2311 studies that met the inclusion criteria including 9 randomized (n = 627) and 2 case-controlled studies (n = 159). Due to the high risk of bias and inconsistency, the certainty of evidence was very low, and heterogeneity prevented any metaanalysis. We observed limited evidence for desirable effects in participant satisfaction and confidence, but no significant difference in skills acquisition and performance in the clinical practice environment. When considering the equivocal evidence and cost implications, we recommend the use of lower physical realism simulation training in LMIC settings. It is important to standardize outcomes and conduct more studies in lower income settings.
Competing Interests: This systematic review was part of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare guideline development process. A.L. is president of Resuscitation Council UK and a member of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Education, Implementation and Teams task force. A.D. is a member of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Education, Implementation and Teams task force. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.
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