Lactic acid fermentation of goji berries ( Lycium barbarum ) prevents acute alcohol liver injury and modulates gut microbiota and metabolites in mice.

Juice fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has received attention due to its health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Previous research on LAB-fermented goji juice mainly focused on exploring the changes in the metabolite profile and antioxidant activity in vitro , whereas the liver protection properties of LAB-fermented goji juice in vivo are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei E10-fermented goji juice (E10F), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum M-fermented goji juice (MF), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LGG-fermented goji juice (LGGF) on preventing acute alcoholic liver injury with physiology, gut microbial, and metabolic profiles in mice. Compared with goji juice, E10F, MF, and LGGF enhanced the protective effect against liver injury by reducing serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, improving the hepatic glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system, and attenuating inflammation by decreasing the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Furthermore, E10F, MF, and LGGF increased intestinal integrity, restructured the gut microbiota including Bacteroides and Lactobacillus , and altered gut microbial metabolites including kyotorphin, indolelactic acid, and N -methylserotonin. Pretreatment of different LAB-fermented goji juice in mice showed significant differences in gut microbiota and metabolism. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the increase of Lactobacillus , indolelactic acid, and N -methylserotonin by E10F, MF, and LGGF was positively correlated with reduced inflammation and improved liver and gut function. Taken together, E10F, MF, and LGGF all have the potential to be converted into dietary interventions to combat acute alcoholic liver injury. It provided a reference for the study of the hepatoprotective effect of LAB-fermented goji juice.