Morphological and functional changes of the geniohyoid muscle in elderly patients after hip fracture surgery: Comparison of ultrasound images with a focus on swallowing function.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to clarify, using ultrasound imaging, (1) whether the area and contraction of GH change in elderly patients after hip fracture surgery and (2) whether the changes in the area and contraction of GH are related to decline in swallowing function.
Methods: The participants were 21 female patients over 65 years of age who underwent hip fracture surgery. The patients were divided into two groups based on the results of swallowing assessment by water drinking: One with normal swallowing function (NSF) and the other with suspected decline in swallowing function (DSF). Sagittal cross-sectional area (SA) of GH at rest and the shortening rate (SR) of GH upon contraction during swallowing were compared at two time points: immediately and 2 weeks after surgery. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for intra-group comparisons, and Mann-Whitney U-test was used for between-group comparisons.
Result: SA of GH decreased significantly at 2 weeks after surgery in both groups, regardless of their swallowing function. In the intra-group comparison, SR significantly decreased (worsened) only in DSF group. SR at 2 weeks after surgery was significantly higher in NSF than in the DSF. In the inter-group comparison, DSF showed a significantly smaller (worse) change of SR than NSF in 2 weeks after surgery.
Conclusion: Decrease in muscle mass, or atrophy, of GH observed in both NSF and DSF, did not coincide with the post-operative change in GH contraction of the two groups. The results suggest the importance of continuous swallowing assessment in the elderly individuals during their perioperative period.
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