Low uptake of pharmaceuticals in edible mushrooms grown in polluted biogas digestate.

The uptake dynamics of two sulfonamide antibiotics, two fluoroquinolone antibiotics, and the anticonvulsant carbamazepine during the cultivation of two species of edible mushrooms (Agaricus subrufescens and A. bisporus) was investigated. None of the antibiotics were accumulated by the mushrooms, while carbamazepine and its transformation product carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide were taken up by A. bisporus fruiting body but only in small amounts (up to 0.76 and 1.85 μg kg ^-1 dry weight, respectively). The sulfonamides were quickly removed from the mushroom growth substrate, while the recalcitrant fluoroquinolones and carbamazepine were only partially removed. Dissipation half-lives were generally lower for A. subrufescens than A. bisporus, but A. subrufescens was also grown at a slightly higher culture temperature. A. subrufescens also showed a lower uptake of contaminants. Comparison of maximum dietary intake with other common exposure sources showed that these mushrooms can safely be eaten although produced on a polluted substrate, with respect to the investigated compounds.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Roland Kallenborn reports financial support was provided by Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Agnieszka Jasinska reports financial support was provided by Poznan University of Life Sciences. Roland Kallenborn is on the editorial board of Chemosphere.
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