Nickel Challenge In Vitro Affects CD38 and HLA-DR Expression in T Cell Subpopulations from the Blood of Patients with Nickel Allergy.

Nickel allergy is a major health problem and shows clinical manifestation of contact eczema. The response of specific lymphocyte subpopulations in sensitized patients after new challenge to nickel has until now not been studied in detail. To evaluate if nickel-based elicitation reaction could be objectively identified by multi-parametric flow cytometry, immunophenotyping of specific T cells was applied. White blood cells from 7 patients (4 positive in patch test, 3 negative) were challenged by nickel and in vitro short-term culture. Standardized antibody-dye combinations, specific for T helper(h)1, Th17 and cytotoxic T cell activation, were selected according to the recommendations of Stanford Human Immune Monitoring Center. In cytotoxic CD8 ⁺ CCR7 ⁺ CD45RA ⁺ T cells from patients suffering from nickel allergy, CD38 and HLA-DR were elevated comparing to healthy donors. After challenge to nickel in vitro both markers decreased in CD8 ⁺ CCR7 ⁺ CD45RA ⁺ T cells but found up-regulated in CD4 ⁺ CCR7 ⁺ CD45RA ⁺ CCR6 ^- CXCR3 ⁺ Th1 cells. Intracellular expression of T-bet and RORγt further indicated Th1 and Th17 cells. Finally, CD4 ⁺ CD25 ⁺ CCR4 ^- T cells increased after challenge with nickel in PBMCs of patients with nickel allergy. Flow cytometry based quantification of T cell markers might be used as a specific and reliable method to detect chemical induced skin sensitization and confirm diagnostic patch testing in the clinics.