Predictive factors of delayed bleeding after percutaneous nephrolithotomy requiring angioembolization.

Objectives: To investigate the predictive factors of delayed post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) haemorrhage because of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or pseudoaneurysm (PA) and compare the factors between AVF and PA.
Patients and Methods: This is a case-control study with a case-to-control ratio of 1:3. Out of 5077 patients who underwent PCNL from April 2015 to April 2018 in three different teaching hospitals, 113 had post-PCNL haemorrhages because of AVF and/or PA. Seventy-two patients met the inclusion criteria and entered the study as cases, while 216 patients without any postoperative complications were selected as controls.
Results: Of all 72 studied patients with complications after PCNL, 35 (48.6%) had AVF, and the rest had PA. The regression model revealed that a history of diabetes (odds ratio [OR]: 2.799, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.392-5.630, p -value = 0.004) and renal anomalies (OR: 2.929, 95% CI: 1.108-7.744, p -value = 0.03) were associated with developing delayed post-PCNL haemorrhage. However, no differences were seen between AVF and PA regarding selected variables ( p -value > 0.05).
Conclusion: History of diabetes and renal anomalies were predictive factors for delayed post-PCNL haemorrhage, but no predictive factors were found to differentiate PA and AVF from one another.
Competing Interests: Not applicable.
(© 2023 The Authors. BJUI Compass published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of BJU International Company.)