Antenatal and neonatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and children's development: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: To conduct a systematic review of the impact of antenatal and neonatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on developmental outcomes in preterm and term-born infants.
Methods: We searched Embase, Emcare, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and grey literature on May 27, 2022 and updated on May 8, 2023. Studies defining exposure with a positive SARS-CoV-2 protein or genetic material, used a contemporaneous non-exposed cohort, and reported developmental outcomes up to 2 years of age were included.
Results: Four out of 828 screened studies were included. Meta-analysis included 815 infants screened for developmental delay (n = 306 exposed; n = 509 non-exposed) between 3- and 11-months of age. Among term-born infants, we did not find an increased risk of delay in communication (odd's ratio: 0.73 (95% CI: 0.24-2.24)), gross motor (1.50 (0.62, 3.62)), fine motor (2.90 (0.58, 14.43)), problem-solving (1.19 (0.54, 2.66)) or personal-social development (1.93 (0.78, 4.75)) in exposed infants. The number of preterm-born infants in the exposed (n = 37) and comparison cohorts (n = 41) were too few to report meaningful comparisons.
Conclusion: Evidence regarding the potential impact of antenatal or neonatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection on developmental outcomes in early infancy is limited and inconsistent. Larger cohorts with outcomes beyond the first year of life are needed.
Impact: The current evidence examining associations between SARS-CoV-2 exposure during the neonatal period and developmental outcomes in infancy is limited by there being few studies with extremely small sample sizes. Based on sparse data there was no consistent association between antenatal or neonatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection and an adverse impact on developmental outcomes below 12 months of age for babies born preterm or at term. This study highlights that larger cohorts with outcomes assessed beyond the first year are needed to determine the potential longer-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection exposure on child development.
(© 2023. The Author(s).)