The effects of prolonged stress exposure on the brain of rats and insights to understand the impact of work-related stress on caregivers.

Introduction: Stress exposure is a significant concern in the healthcare sector. This animal model study aims to reproduce caregivers' working conditions and determine their impact on the brain.
Method: Twenty-four healthy male rats of the Wistar strain were divided into four groups. Three groups were submitted each to one stressor for 21 days, while the fourth group was used as a control. Stressors were food and water deprivation (FW), permanent illumination (PI), and forced swimming (FS). At the end of the experiment, rats were euthanized, and stress biomarkers, biological parameters, and DNA damage were measured.
Results: Prooxidant biomarker rates increased in the different groups (+50 to +75%) compared to the control ( p  < 0.0001). Urinary corticosterone rates increased in all stressed animals, mainly in the PI group, with changes of up to +50% compared to the control group. Acetylcholinesterase levels decreased to -50% ( p  < 0.0001 for the three exposed groups). Total ATPase, (Na ⁺ /K ⁺ )-ATPase, and Mg ²⁺ -ATPase activities decreased in all stressed groups. The percentage of brain cell congestion and apoptosis was 3% for the FW group ( p  < 0.0001), 2% for the PI group (p < 0.0001), and 4% for the FS group (p < 0.0001) compared to the control (0.8%). DNA damage was observed in all exposed groups. Finally, we noticed behavioral changes and a depression-like syndrome in all stressed rats.
Conclusion: Stressful conditions such as the working environment of caregivers can trigger several pathophysiological processes leading to oxidative, neurochemical, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal disorders. These changes can progress to cell damage and apoptosis in the brain and trigger psychological and physical disorders.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2023 Pujo, Fitriani, Ben Saad, Ghariani, Dghim, Mellouli, Burin, Mutricy, Houcke, Roujansky, Mansyur, Nkontcho, de Toffol, Ben Amara and Kallel.)