Synergistic effects of putative Ca 2+ -binding sites of calmodulin in fungal development, temperature stress and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus .

In pathogenic fungi, calcium-calmodulin-dependent serine-threonine-specific phosphatase calcineurin is involved in morphogenesis and virulence. Therefore, calcineurin and its tightly related protein complexes are attractive antifungal drug targets. However, there is limited knowledge available on the relationship between in vivo Ca ²⁺ -binding sites of calmodulin (CaM) and its functions in regulating stress responses, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. In the current study, we demonstrated that calmodulin is required for hyphal growth, conidiation, and virulence in the human fungal pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus . Site-directed mutations of calmodulin revealed that a single Ca ²⁺ -binding site mutation had no significant effect on A. fumigatus hyphal development, but multiple Ca ²⁺ -binding site mutations exhibited synergistic effects, especially when cultured at 42 °C, indicating that calmodulin function in response to temperature stress depends on its Ca ²⁺ -binding sites. Western blotting implied that mutations in Ca ²⁺ -binding sites caused highly degraded calmodulin fragments, suggesting that the loss of Ca ²⁺ -binding sites results in reduced protein stability. Moreover, normal intracellular calcium homeostasis and the nuclear translocation of the transcriptional factor CrzA are dependent on Ca ²⁺ -binding sites of Af CaM, demonstrating that Ca ²⁺ -binding sites of calmodulin are required for calcium signalling and its major transcription factor CrzA. Importantly, in situ mutations for four Ca ²⁺ -binding sites of calmodulin resulted in an almost complete loss of virulence in the Galleria mellonella wax moth model. This study shed more light on the functional characterization of putative calcium-binding sites of calmodulin in the morphogenesis and virulence of A. fumigatus , which enhances our understanding of calmodulin biological functions in cells of opportunistic fungal pathogens.