Mathematical methods for scaling from within-host to population-scale in infectious disease systems.

Mathematical modellers model infectious disease dynamics at different scales. Within-host models represent the spread of pathogens inside an individual, whilst between-host models track transmission between individuals. However, pathogen dynamics at one scale affect those at another. This has led to the development of multiscale models that connect within-host and between-host dynamics. In this article, we systematically review the literature on multiscale infectious disease modelling according to PRISMA guidelines, dividing previously published models into five categories governing their methodological approaches (Garira (2017)), explaining their benefits and limitations. We provide a primer on developing multiscale models of infectious diseases.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Ruth Bowness reports a relationship with Medical Research Council that includes: funding grants (grant number MR/P014704/1). Ruth Bowness reports a relationship with Academy of Medical Sciences (London) that includes: funding grants (grant number SBF003/1052). Ruth Bowness reports a relationship with Wellcome Trust that includes: funding grants (grant number SBF003/1052). Ruth Bowness reports a relationship with UK Government Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy that includes: funding grants (grant number SBF003/1052). Ruth Bowness reports a relationship with British Heart Foundation that includes: funding grants (grant number SBF003/1052). Ruth Bowness reports a relationship with Global Challenges Research Fund that includes: funding grants (grant number SBF003/1052).
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