Wildfire and smoke association with COVID-19 cases in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil.

Objectives: In 2020, Brazil experienced two concurrent public health challenges related to respiratory disease: wildfires and increased mortality due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Smoke from these wildfires contributed to a variety of air pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM _2.5 ). The present study aims to investigate the effects of environmental and socio-economic factors on COVID-19 hospitalisation in the Pantanal.
Study Design: Ecological retrospective study.
Methods: We applied a multilevel negative binomial model to relate monthly hospitalisation data with environmental variables.
Results: We showed that monthly PM _2.5 concentration levels had the greatest influence on the increase in hospitalisations by COVID-19 in the elderly (23 % increase). The Gini index, a coefficient that reflects income inequalities, also had a positive association with COVID-19 hospitalisations (18 % increase). Higher temperatures and humidity were protective factors, showing a 15 % and 14 % decrease in hospitalisations, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that high PM _2.5 exposure contributed to the increase in COVID-19 hospitalisations, as did the social inequalities of each municipality.
Conclusions: The present study highlights the importance of gathering evidence supported by multiple information sources to guide decision-making and identify populations needing better public health systems.
(Copyright © 2023 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)