A tough bio-adhesive inspired by pearl layer and arthropod cuticle structure with desirable water resistance, flame-retardancy, and antibacterial property.

Petroleum-derived formaldehyde resin adhesives are serious hazards to human health and depend on limited resources. Abundant, cheap and renewable biomass materials are expected to replace them. However, the contradictory mechanisms of high mechanical strength and fracture toughness affect the use of bioadhesives. Herein, a biomimetic soybean meal (SM) adhesive inspired by the structure of insect cuticles and shell pearl layer was proposed. Specifically, chitosan (CS@DA) modified 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DA, rich in catechol moiety) was anchored on molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS ₂ ) to construct a biomimetic structure with copper hydroxide and SM substrate (SM-MoS ₂ /CS@DA-Cu). Schiff base, ionic, and hydrogen bonding strengthened the cohesion of the adhesive. The ordered alternating stacking "brick-mortar" structure stimulated the lamellar sliding and crack deflection of MoS ₂ , synergistically reinforcing the toughness. Compared to SM adhesive (0.57 MPa and 0.148 J), the wet shear strength and adhesion work of the SM-MoS ₂ /CS@DA-Cu were 1.68 MPa and 0.867 J, with 194.7 % and 485.8 % increases, respectively. The multiple antimicrobial effects of CS@DA, Schiff base, and Cu ²⁺ increased the applicability period of the adhesive to 40 days. The adhesive also displayed favorable water resistance and flame retardancy. Therefore, this peculiar and efficient biomimetic structural design inspired the development of multi-functional composites.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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