Revision Rates After Primary Allograft ACL Reconstruction by Allograft Tissue Type in Older Patients.

Background: While there is extensive literature on the use of allograft versus autograft in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, there is limited clinical evidence to guide the surgeon in choice of allograft tissue type.
Purpose: To assess the revision rate after primary ACL reconstruction with allograft and to compare revision rates based on allograft tissue type and characteristics.
Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods: Patients who underwent primary allograft ACL reconstructions at a single academic institution between 2015 and 2019 and who had minimum 2-year follow-up were included. Exclusion criteria were missing surgical or allograft tissue type data. Demographics, operative details, and subsequent surgical procedures were collected. Allograft details included graft tissue type (Achilles, bone-patellar tendon-bone [BTB], tibialis anterior or posterior, semitendinosus, unspecified soft tissue), allograft category (all-soft tissue vs bone block), donor age, irradiation duration and intensity, and chemical cleansing process. Revision rates were calculated and compared by allograft characteristics.
Results: Included were 418 patients (age, 39 ± 12 years; body mass index, 30 ± 9 kg/m ² ). The revision rate was 3% (11/418) at a mean follow-up of 4.9 ± 1.4 years. There were no differences in revision rate according to allograft tissue type across Achilles tendon (3%; 3/95), BTB (5%; 3/58), tibialis anterior or posterior (3%; 5/162), semitendinosus (0%; 0/46), or unspecified soft tissue (0%; 0/57) ( P = .35). There was no difference in revision rate between all-soft tissue versus bone block allograft (6/283 [2%] vs 5/135 [4%], respectively; P = .34). Of the 51% of grafts with irradiation data, all grafts were irradiated, with levels varying from 1.5 to 2.7 Mrad and 82% of grafts having levels of <2.0 Mrad. There was no difference in revision rate between the low-dose and medium-to high-dose irradiation cohorts (4% vs 6%, respectively; P = .64).
Conclusion: Similarly low (0%-6%) revision rates after primary ACL reconstruction were seen regardless of allograft tissue type, bone block versus all-soft tissue allograft, and sterilization technique in 418 patients with mean age of 39 years. Surgeons may consider appropriately processed allograft tissue with or without bone block when indicating ACL reconstruction in older patients.
Competing Interests: One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of interest or source of funding: I.D.E. has received grant support from Arthrex and education payments from Mid-Atlantic Surgical Systems and Smith & Nephew. A.J.C. has received grant support from Arthrex and education payments from Smith & Nephew, Mid-Atlantic Surgical Systems, Arthrex, and Supreme Orthopedic Systems. J.D.H. has received grant support from Arthrex; education payments from Mid-Atlantic Surgical Systems, Smith & Nephew, and Medical Device Business Services; and hospitality payments from SI-BONE. B.P.L. has received education payments from Mid-Atlantic Surgical Systems. V.M. has received consulting and nonconsulting fees from Smith & Nephew. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the University of Pittsburgh (No. 19030196).
(© The Author(s) 2023.)