Solar heterogeneous photo-Fenton for complete inactivation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in secondary-treated wastewater effluent.

In this work, complete elimination of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium was achieved in 120 min using a heterogeneous photo-Fenton process under sunlight at pH 6.5 in distilled water. A face-centered composite central design 2 ² with one categoric factor and three replicates at the central point was used to evaluate the effect of iron (III) oxide concentration (0.8-3.4 mg L ^-1 ), H ₂ O ₂ (2-10 mg L ^-1 ), and the type of iron oxide phase (maghemite and hematite) on the inactivation of both bacteria. The results showed that the amount of catalyst, H ₂ O ₂ concentration and their interaction were significant factors (p < 0.05) in the elimination of the microorganisms. Thus, under the best conditions (3.4 mg L ^-1 of iron (III) oxide and 10 mg L ^-1 of H ₂ O ₂ ) in the experimental ranges, complete inactivation of E. coli and S. typhimurium was achieved (6-log reduction) in 120 min using the photo-Fenton treatment with both iron-oxide phases. Furthermore, the photocatalytic elimination of both bacteria by the photo-Fenton process using hematite and maghemite in secondary-treated wastewater effluent was performed obtaining slower inactivation rates (1.2-5.9 times) than in distilled water due to the matrix effect of the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. Nevertheless, the process continued to be effective in the effluent, achieving complete bacterial elimination in 150 min using the hematite phase. Additionally, the SEM images of the bacterial cells showed that the heterogeneous photo-Fenton treatment generated permanent and irreversible cell damage, resulting in complete cell death.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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