The association between a low 50-gram, 1-hour glucose challenge test value and neonatal morbidity.

Objective: To evaluate the association between a low 50-gram, 1-hour glucose challenge test (GCT) value and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among patients receiving care at a single center tertiary care academic hospital.
Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients with a documented result of a 50-gram, 1-hour GCT performed ≥24 weeks 0 days gestation at a single tertiary care academic hospital from 2013-2021. Patients with a low GCT value, defined as cohort specific ≤10 ^th percentile (<82 mg/dL), were compared to patients with a GCT value ≥82 mg/dL who were not diagnosed with gestational diabetes (GDM) to examine adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Additionally, these comparisons were repeated across patients with low GCT (<82 mg/dL), those with a GCT ≥82 mg/dL without diagnosis of GDM (heretofore referred to as normal glycemic screening) and patients diagnosed with GDM. Our primary outcome was a composite neonatal morbidity variable, inclusive of stillbirth, neonatal death, neonatal hypoglycemia with neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia with NICU admission, respiratory distress with NICU admission, and/or small for gestational age (SGA). Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to examine the association of low GCT value and the composite neonatal morbidity outcome, compared to those with the normal glycemic screening.
Results: Of 36,342 eligible patients, 3,789 (10.4%) had a low GCT value of <82 mg/dL, 30,729 (84.6%) had a GCT value ≥82 mg/dL and were not diagnosed with GDM, and 1,824 (5.0%) had a diagnosis of GDM. Patients with a low GCT value were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) (12.4% vs 16.3%, p  < .01), undergo cesarean delivery (22.8% vs 29.9%, p  < .01), or experience postpartum hemorrhage (7.8% vs 9.4%, p  < .01) as compared to patients with normal glycemic screening. Compared to newborns whose mothers had normal glycemic screening, newborns of mothers with a low GCT value were significantly more likely to experience the composite morbidity outcome (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.08-1.27); this persisted after adjusting for potential confounders (aOR 1.18; 95% CI 1.09-1.29).
Conclusion: A low maternal GCT value after 24 weeks gestation is significantly associated with an increased risk of morbidity in the newborn, driven by higher rates of SGA. Patients with a low GCT value may have underlying maternal hypoglycemia or other glycemic dysregulation affecting fetal development and may benefit from enhanced antenatal surveillance.