The impacts of renewable energy production, economic growth, and economic globalization on CO 2 emissions: evidence from Fourier ADL co-integration and Fourier-Granger causality test for Turkey.

Along with the growth and globalization of the whole world economy since the First Industrial Revolution, the production and use of fossil fuels have led to increased CO ₂ emissions and, ultimately, significant environmental degradation. The impact of globalization, economic growth, and renewable energy sources on CO ₂ may show trends with different turning points in developing countries, and estimations may need to follow Fourier-type functions to capture the frequency domain. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of renewable energy production, economic globalization, and economic growth on CO ₂ emissions for Turkey in the period 1971-2006 with Fourier autoregressive distribution lag (ADL) cointegration, DOLS, and Fourier-Granger causality tests. The originality of this study is the estimation of a model of CO ₂ emissions with a Fourier-type function for the first time. The findings indicate a negative relationship between renewable energy production and CO ₂ emissions and a positive relationship between economic globalization and economic growth and CO ₂ emissions. In addition, according to the empirical results, there exists a one-way causality relationship between economic globalization to CO ₂ and economic globalization to renewable energy production, and there is evidence of a bidirectional causality relationship between economic globalization and economic growth in this study.
(© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)