Synergistic interactions between three insecticides and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) in lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), larvae.

Topical applications of insecticides β-cyfluthrin, imidacloprid, and spinosad in combination with Beauveria bassiana (topical and contact filter paper application) induced synergistic interactions in lesser mealworm larvae, increasing mortality and in some cases numbers of larval cadavers exhibiting conidiogenesis. Reduced concentrations (LC ₁₀ , LC ₂₀ , LC ₃₀ ) of the insecticides induced sublethal effects in lesser mealworm larvae, inhibiting development (mass, head-capsule width, moulting) after eight days' exposure and movement behaviour (area explored and distance travelled) after 3 h' exposure. The most potent synergist was ß-cyfluthrin, it strongly inhibited larval development and movement while significantly increasing mortality and conidiogenesis in B. bassiana-infected larvae. Imidacloprid also strongly inhibited larval development and movement, but only produced weak short-lived synergistic increases in mortality, with no increase in conidiogenesis. Spinosad induced no effect on development and limited effect on movement, but still induced moderate short-lived synergistic increases in mortality and conidiogenesis. Intoxicated larvae exposed to B. bassiana on filter paper for 3 h showed no synergistic interactions, except when intoxicated by spinosad.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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