Highly sensitive voltammetric determination of Allura Red (E129) food colourant on a planar carbon fiber sensor modified with shungite.

This article presents an original planar carbon fiber electrode (PCFE), in which shungite (SHU) is used as a modifier for the first time. Shungite is a unique natural nanostructured composite consisting of carbon in the form of aggregated graphene stacks, oxides of silicon, titanium, aluminum, iron, magnesium, potassium, etc. Macro- and micro-elements, biologically active components that are present in shungite provide it with attractive antioxidant properties, make it a biocompatible and environmentally friendly material that meets the principles of green chemistry. A unique supramolecular structure of shungite carbon presents a multilayer globular-cluster formation with mesopores in the internal volume. It determines specific physical, chemical, catalytic, and adsorption properties of shungite. Carbon fiber with an irregular 3D structure was used as an effective electrode platform for strong immobilization of shungite. The PCFE was fabricated using a simple and scalable hot lamination technology that produces very low cost flexible planar electrodes. The sensor (SHU/PCFE) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy; electrochemical impedance analysis; cyclic, differential-pulse and stripping voltammetry. The SHU/PCFE showed a 2.5-fold increase in the electroactive surface area, a 1.8-fold decrease in the electron transfer resistance compared with the bare PCFE. Under optimal experimental conditions and preconcentration at +0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) 180 s, the developed sensor allowed the quantification of Allura Red in the ranges of 0.001-0.1 and 0.1-2 μmol L ^-1 with an extremely low detection limit of 0.36 nmol L ^-1 . Moreover, this convenient and cost-effective sensor also has good repeatability, stability and anti-interference ability. The interfering effect of sweeteners and preservatives in the determination of Allura Red does not exceed 3.6%. The practical application of the SHU/PCFE was demonstrated using drink samples, lollipops and pharmaceuticals.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Natalia Yu. Stozhko reports financial support was provided by The Russian Science Foundation.
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