Automated radiosynthesis of [ 89 Zr]Zr-DFOSq-Durvalumab for imaging of PD-L1 expressing tumours in vivo.

Objectives: ⁸⁹ Zr-labelled proteins are gaining importance in clinical research in a variety of diseases. To date, no clinical study has been reported that utilizes an automated approach for radiosynthesis of ⁸⁹ Zr-labelled radiopharmaceuticals. We aim to develop an automated method for the clinical production of ⁸⁹ Zr-labelled proteins and apply this method to Durvalumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1 immune-checkpoint protein. PD-L1 expression is poorly understood and can be up-regulated over the course of chemo- and radiotherapy treatment. The ImmunoPET multicentre study aims to examine the dynamics of PD-L1 expression via ⁸⁹ Zr-Durvalumab PET imaging before, during, and after chemoradiotherapy. The developed automated technique will enable reproducible clinical production of [ ⁸⁹ Zr]Zr-DFOSq-Durvalumab for this study at three different sites.
Methods: Conjugation of Durvalumab to H ₃ DFOSqOEt was optimized for optimal chelator-to-antibody ratio. Automated radiolabelling of H ₃ DFOSq-Durvalumab with zirconium-89 was optimized on the disposable cassette based iPHASE technologies MultiSyn radiosynthesizer using a modified cassette. Activity losses were tracked using a dose calibrator and minimized by optimizing fluid transfers, reaction buffer, antibody formulation additives and pH. The biological profile of the radiolabelled antibody was confirmed in vivo in PD-L1+ (HCC827) and PD-L1- (A549) murine xenografts. Clinical process validation and quality control were performed at three separate study sites to satisfy clinical release criteria.
Results: H ₃ DFOSq-Durvalumab with an average CAR of 3.02 was obtained. Radiolabelling kinetics in succinate (20 mM, pH 6) were significantly faster when compared to HEPES (0.5 M, pH 7.2) with >90 % conversion observed after 15 min. Residual radioactivity in the ⁸⁹ Zr isotope vial was reduced from 24 % to 0.44 % ± 0.18 % (n = 7) and losses in the reactor vial were reduced from 36 % ± 6 % (n = 4) to 0.82 % ± 0.75 % (n = 4) by including a surfactant in the reaction and formulation buffers. Overall process yield was 75 % ± 6 % (n = 5) and process time was 40 min. Typically, 165 MBq of [ ⁸⁹ Zr]Zr-DFOSq-Durvalumab with an apparent specific activity of 315 MBq/mg ± 34 MBq/mg (EOS) was obtained in a volume of 3.0 mL. At end-of-synthesis (EOS), radiochemical purity and protein integrity were always >99 % and >96 %, respectively, and dropped to 98 % and 65 % after incubation in human serum for 7 days at 37 °C. Immunoreactive fraction in HEK293/PD-L1 cells was 83.3 ± 9.0 (EOS). Preclinical in vivo data at 144 h p.i. showed excellent SUV _max in PD-L1+ tumour (8.32 ± 0.59) with a tumour-background ratio of 17.17 ± 3.96. [ ⁸⁹ Zr]Zr-DFOSq-Durvalumab passed all clinical release criteria at each study site and was deemed suitable for administration in a multicentre imaging trial.
Conclusion: Fully automated production of [ ⁸⁹ Zr]Zr-DFOSq-Durvalumab for clinical use was achieved with minimal exposure to the operator. The cassette-based approach allows for consecutive productions on the same day and offers an alternative to currently used manual protocols. The method should be broadly applicable to other proteins and has the potential for clinical impact considering the growing number of clinical trials investigating ⁸⁹ Zr-labelled antibodies.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: SP is the director of iPHASE technologies Pty Ltd. (Melbourne, Australia). AN receives institutional funding from AstraZeneca Pty Ltd. (Cambridge, UK) for clinical trials and translational science unrelated to this work. PSD and SER are listed as inventors on intellectual property relating to the use of DFOSq that has been licensed from the University of Melbourne to Telix Pharmaceuticals. This work was supported by AstraZeneca Pty Ltd. (Cambridge, UK) and Telix Pharmaceuticals Limited (Melbourne, Australia).
(Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)