Characterization of antigen-specific CD8+ memory T cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis.

Background: Increasing evidence indicates the importance of CD8 ⁺ T cells in autoimmune attack against CNS myelin and axon in multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous research has also discovered that myelin-reactive T cells have memory phenotype functions in MS patients. However, limited evidence is available regarding the role of CD8 ⁺ memory T cell subsets in MS. This study aimed to explore potential antigen-specific memory T cell-related biomarkers and their association with disease activity.
Methods: The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific CD8 ⁺ memory T cell subsets and their related cytokines (perforin, granzyme B, interferon (IFN)-γ) and negative co-stimulatory molecules (programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), T- cell Ig and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3)) were analyzed by flow cytometry and real-time PCR in peripheral blood of patients with relapsing-remitting MS.
Results: We found that MS patients had elevated frequency of MOG-specific CD8 ⁺ T cells, MOG-specific central memory T cells (T _CM ), MOG-specific CD8 ⁺ effector memory T cells (T _EM ), and MOG-specific CD8 ⁺ terminally differentiated cells (T _EMRA ); elevated granzyme B expression on MOG-specific CD8 ⁺ T _CM ; and, on MOG-specific CD8 ⁺ T _EM , elevated granzyme B and reduced PD-1 expression. The Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS) in MS patients was correlated with the frequency of MOG-specific CD8 ⁺ T _CM , granzyme B expression in CD8 ⁺ T _CM , and granzyme B and perforin expression on CD8 ⁺ T _EM , but with reduced PD-1 expression on CD8 ⁺ T _EM .
Conclusion: The dysregulation of antigen-specific CD8 ⁺ memory T cell subsets, along with the abnormal expression of their related cytokines and negative co-stimulatory molecules, may reflect an excessive or persistent inflammatory response induced during early stages of the illness. Our findings strongly suggest positive regulatory roles for memory T cell populations in MS pathogenesis, probably via molecular mimicry to trigger or promote abnormal peripheral immune responses. Furthermore, downregulated PD-1 expression may stimulate a positive feedback effect, promoting MS-related inflammatory responses via the interaction of PD-1 ligands. Therefore, these parameters are potential serological biomarkers for predicting disease development in MS.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2023 Liu, Yang, Fan, Yuan, Ma, Wang, Lu, Yuan, Zou, Zhang and Liu.)