Enhanced Photothermal Steam Generation and Gold Using the Efficiency of Ultralight Gold Foam with Hierarchical Porosity.

Controlling the optical properties of metal plasma nanomaterials through structure manipulation has attracted great attention for solar steam generation. However, realizing broadband solar absorption for high-efficiency vapor generation is still challenging. In this work, a free-standing ultralight gold film/foam with a hierarchical porous microstructure and high porosity is obtained through controllably etching a designed cold-rolled (NiCoFeCr) ₉₉ Au ₁ high-entropy precursor alloy with a unique grain texture. During chemical dealloying, the high-entropy precursor went through anisotropic contraction, resulting in a larger surface area compared with that from the Cu ₉₉ Au ₁ precursor although the volume shrinkage is similar (over 85%), which is beneficial for the photothermal conversion. The low Au content also results in a special hierarchical lamellar microstructure with both micropores and nanopores within each lamella, which significantly broadens the optical absorption range and makes the optical absorption of the porous film reach 71.1-94.6% between 250 and 2500 nm. In addition, the free-standing nanoporous gold film has excellent hydrophilicity, with the contact angle reaching zero within 2.2 s. Thus, the 28 h dealloyed nanoporous gold film (NPG-28) exhibits a rapid evaporation rate of seawater under 1 kW m ^-2 light intensity, reaching 1.53 kg m ^-2 h ^-1 , and the photothermal conversion efficiency reaches 96.28%. This work demonstrates the enhanced noble metal gold using efficiency and solar thermal conversion efficiency by controlled anisotropic shrinkage and forming a hierarchical porous foam.