Long-term adherence to healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and breast cancer risk overall and by hormone receptor and histologic subtypes among postmenopausal females.

Background: Epidemiological studies assessing the influence of vegetarian diets on breast cancer (BC) risk have produced inconsistent results. Few studies have assessed how the incremental decrease in animal foods and the quality of plant foods are linked with BC.
Objectives: Disentangle the influence of plant-based diet quality on BC risk between postmenopausal females.
Methods: Total of 65,574 participants from the E3N (Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale) cohort were followed from 1993-2014. Incident BC cases were confirmed through pathological reports and classified into subtypes. Cumulative average scores for healthful (hPDI) and unhealthful (uPDI) plant-based diet indices were developed using self-reported dietary intakes at baseline (1993) and follow-up (2005) and divided into quintiles. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted HR and 95% CI.
Results: During a mean follow-up of 21 y, 3968 incident postmenopausal BC cases were identified. There was a nonlinear association between adherence to hPDI and BC risk (P _nonlinear < 0.01). Compared to participants with low adherence to hPDI, those with high adherence had a lower BC risk [HR _{Q3 compared with Q1} (95% CI): 0.79 (0.71, 0.87) and HR _{Q4 compared with Q1} (95% CI): 0.78 (0.70, 0.86)]. In contrast, higher adherence to unhealthful was associated with a linear increase in BC risk [P _nonlinear = 0.18; HR _{Q5 compared with Q1} (95% CI): 1.20 (1.08, 1.33); P _trend < 0.01]. Associations were similar according to BC subtypes (P _{heterogeneity} > 0.05 for all).
Conclusions: Long-term adherence to healthful plant foods with some intake of unhealthy plant and animal foods may reduce BC risk with an optimal risk reduction in the moderate intake range. Adherence to an unhealthful plant-based diet may increase BC risk. These results emphasize the importance of the quality of plant foods for cancer prevention. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03285230).
(Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)