Machine learning aided jump height estimate democratization through smartphone measures.

Introduction: The peak height reached in a countermovement jump is a well established performance parameter. Its estimate is often entrusted to force platforms or body-worn inertial sensors. To date, smartphones may possibly be used as an alternative for estimating jump height, since they natively embed inertial sensors.
Methods: For this purpose, 43 participants performed 4 countermovement jumps (172 in total) on two force platforms (gold standard). While jumping, participants held a smartphone in their hands, whose inertial sensor measures were recorded. After peak height was computed for both instrumentations, twenty-nine features were extracted, related to jump biomechanics and to signal time-frequency characteristics, as potential descriptors of soft tissues or involuntary arm swing artifacts. A training set (129 jumps - 75%) was created by randomly selecting elements from the initial dataset, the remaining ones being assigned to the test set (43 jumps - 25%). On the training set only, a Lasso regularization was applied to reduce the number of features, avoiding possible multicollinearity. A multi-layer perceptron with one hidden layer was trained for estimating the jump height from the reduced feature set. Hyperparameters optimization was performed on the multi-layer perceptron using a grid search approach with 5-fold cross validation. The best model was chosen according to the minimum negative mean absolute error.
Results: The multi-layer perceptron greatly improved the accuracy (4 cm) and precision (4 cm) of the estimates on the test set with respect to the raw smartphone measures estimates (18 and 16 cm, respectively). Permutation feature importance was performed on the trained model in order to establish the influence that each feature had on the outcome. The peak acceleration and the braking phase duration resulted the most influential features in the final model. Despite not being accurate enough, the height computed through raw smartphone measures was still among the most influential features.
Discussion: The study, implementing a smartphone-based method for jump height estimates, paves the way to method release to a broader audience, pursuing a democratization attempt.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(© 2023 Mascia, De Lazzari and Camomilla.)