Long delay from symptom onset to first consultation contributes to permanent vision loss in patients with giant cell arteritis: a cohort study.

Objectives: To characterise factors associated with permanent vision loss (PVL) and potential reasons for the therapeutic delay contributing to PVL in giant cell arteritis (GCA).
Methods: Retrospective analysis of GCA patients diagnosed at the University Hospital Basel between December 2006 and May 2021.
Results: Of 282 patients with GCA (64% females), 49 (17.4%) experienced PVL. In 43/49 (87.8%) PVL occurred before treatment. Of these, 24 (55.8%) patients had first non-ocular symptoms and eventually sought consultation when PVL occurred in a median of 21 (IQR 14.75-31.0) days after the first symptoms. Only five of the 24 patients had consulted a physician before PVL, but GCA diagnosis was missed. Treatment was initiated rapidly after diagnosis (median 1 day (IQR 0.0-7.0)). PVL on therapy occurred in six patients in a median of 40 (IQR 20.5-67.3) days after treatment started. In two of those, glucocorticoids were tapered too quickly.In multivariable analysis, patients with PVL were older (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.29, p=0.001) and reported more frequently jaw claudication (OR 3.52, 95% CI 1.02 to 13.16, p=0.051). PVL was present in 18 (42.9%) of the 42 patients with vasculitic ultrasound findings in all six temporal artery segments. The incidence of PVL over 15 years did not decline (Spearman rank=0.3, p=0.68).
Conclusion: The prevalence of GCA-associated PVL remains high. Associated factors were advanced age, jaw claudication and ultrasound findings consistent with vasculitis in all six temporal artery segments. Despite preceding non-ocular GCA symptoms weeks before the onset of PVL, most patients were not seen by a rheumatologist before PVL occurred.
Competing Interests: Competing interests: AKH is supported by a grant from the Swiss Foundation for Research on Muscle Diseases (FSRMM). CTB received a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). DK received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Abbvie, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Eli Lilly and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Janssen. All other authors have no competing interests.
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