Optical coherence tomography and angiography in Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders.

Aims: The aims of this study were to analyze retinal and choroidal changes on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-Angiography (OCT-A) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and compare them to other forms of major dementia. We also aimed to analyze the correlation between clinical severity of global cognitive deficiency assessed by the mini-mental state exam (MMSE) score and OCT/OCT-A parameters.
Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional evaluative study of AD, and age-and gender-matched patients with other dementias. Fundus examination, OCT and OCT-A were compared.
Results: Ninety-one eyes of AD patients and 53 eyes of patients with other dementias were included. Retinal deposits were found in 6.59% of AD cases. OCT highlighted the presence of hyperreflective deposits and localized areas of outer retina and ellipsoid zone disruption, respectively in 20.87% and 15.38% of AD cases. Hyperreflective foci were noted within inner retinal layers in 4.39% of AD cases. Quantitative analysis revealed a thicker nasal retinal nerve fiber layer (p = 0.001) and ganglion cell complex in superior (p = 0.011) and temporal quadrants (p = 0.009) in eyes of AD patients, compared to other dementias. OCT-A showed a significantly higher fractal dimension of both superficial and deep capillary plexus (p = 0.005), with lower choriocapillaris density (p = 0.003) in AD patients.
Conclusions: Structural OCT could highlight the presence of hyperreflective deposits in AD, probably reflecting beta-amyloid deposits, associated to outer retinal disruptions. Quantitative OCT analysis showed structural differences between AD patients and other dementias, and combined OCT-A could identify microvascular changes in AD patients representing new potential differential diagnosis criteria.