Fluorescent Pyranoindole Congeners: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Pyrano[3,2- f ], [2,3- g ], [2,3- f ], and [2,3- e ]Indoles.

This paper reports the synthesis of four types of annulated pyranoindole congeners: pyrano[3,2- f ]indole, pyrano[2,3- g ]indole, pyrano[2,3- f ]indole, and pyrano[2,3- e ]indole and photophysical studies in this series. The synthesis of pyrano[3,2- f ], [2,3- g ], and [2,3- e ]indoles involve a tandem of Bischler-Möhlau reaction of 3-aminophenol with benzoin to form 6-hydroxy- or 4-hydroxyindole followed by Pechmann condensation of these hydroxyindoles with β-ketoesters. Pyrano[2,3- f ]indoles were synthesized through the Nenitzescu reaction of p -benzoquinone and ethyl aminocrotonates and subsequent Pechmann condensation of the obtained 5-hydroxyindole derivatives. Among the pyranoindoles studied, the most promising were pyrano[3,2- f ] and [2,3- g ]indoles. These compounds were characterized by moderate to high quantum yields (30-89%) and a large (9000-15,000 cm ^-1 ) Stokes shift. More detailed photophysical studies were carried out for a series of the most promising derivatives of pyrano[3,2- f ] and [2,3- g ]indoles to demonstrate their positive solvatochromism, and the data collected was analyzed using Lippert-Mataga equation. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to deepen the knowledge of the absorption and emission properties of pyrano[3,2- f ] and [2,3- g ]indoles as well as to explain their unusual geometries and electronic structures.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.