The Association of Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Daily Carbohydrates Intake with the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and daily carbohydrates intake have been associated with a variety of cancers, but their implications in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain controversial. The purpose of our study is to investigate the association of GI, GL and daily carbohydrates intake with the risk of HCC. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science until November 2020. According to the degree of heterogeneity, random effect model or fixed effect model was chosen to obtain the pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Four cohort studies and three case-control studies were eventually included. The pooled results showed no significant association of GI ( RR  = 1.11, 95% CI  = 0.80-1.53), GL ( RR  = 1.09, 95% CI  = 0.76-1.55), and daily carbohydrates intake ( RR  = 1.09, 95% CI =  0.84-1.32) with the risk of HCC in the general population. Subgroup analysis revealed that in hepatitis B virus (HBV) or/and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive group, GI was irrelevant to the risk of HCC ( RR  = 0.65, 95% CI  = 0.32-1.32), while a high GL diet was associated with a higher risk of HCC ( RR  = 1.52, 95% CI  = 1.04-2.23). In contrast, in HBV and HCV-negative group, both GI ( RR  = 1.23, 95% CI  = 0.88-1.70) and GL ( RR  = 1.17, 95% CI  = 0.83-1.64) were not associated with the risk of HCC. Conclusion: A high GL diet increases the risk of HCC in those with viral hepatitis. A low GL diet is recommended for them to reduce the risk of HCC.