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The Relationship of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization and Population-Based Sibling Comparison Study.
- Source :
-
Biological psychiatry [Biol Psychiatry] 2023 Feb 15; Vol. 93 (4), pp. 362-369. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Aug 24. - Publication Year :
- 2023
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Abstract
- Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated, but it is unclear if this is a causal relationship or confounding. We used genetic analyses and sibling comparisons to clarify the direction of this relationship.<br />Methods: Linkage disequilibrium score regression and 2-sample Mendelian randomization were used to test for genetic correlation (r <subscript>g</subscript> ) and bidirectional causal effects using European ancestry genome-wide association studies of ADHD (20,183 cases and 35,191 controls) and 6 PTSD definitions (up to 320,369 individuals). Several additional variables were included in the analysis to verify the independence of the ADHD-PTSD relationship. In a population-based sibling comparison (N = 2,082,118 individuals), Cox regression models were fitted to account for time at risk, a range of sociodemographic factors, and unmeasured familial confounders (via sibling comparisons).<br />Results: ADHD and PTSD had consistent r <subscript>g</subscript> (r <subscript>g</subscript> range, 0.43-0.52; p < .001). ADHD genetic liability was causally linked with increased risk for PTSD (β = 0.367; 95% CI, 0.186-0.552; p = 7.68 × 10 <superscript>-5</superscript> ). This result was not affected by heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy (Mendelian randomization Egger intercept = 4.34 × 10 <superscript>-4</superscript> , p = .961), or other phenotypes and was consistent across PTSD datasets. However, we found no consistent associations between PTSD genetic liability and ADHD risk. Individuals diagnosed with ADHD were at a higher risk for developing PTSD than their undiagnosed sibling (hazard ratio = 2.37; 95% CI, 1.98-3.53).<br />Conclusions: Our findings add novel evidence supporting the need for early and effective treatment of ADHD, as patients with this diagnosis are at significantly higher risk to develop PTSD later in life.<br /> (Copyright © 2022 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Subjects :
- Humans
Siblings
Genome-Wide Association Study
Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic genetics
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity epidemiology
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity genetics
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity diagnosis
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1873-2402
- Volume :
- 93
- Issue :
- 4
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Biological psychiatry
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 36335070
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.012