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HPV infection and 5mC/5hmC epigenetic markers in penile squamous cell carcinoma: new insights into prognostics.
- Source :
-
Clinical epigenetics [Clin Epigenetics] 2022 Oct 25; Vol. 14 (1), pp. 133. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Oct 25. - Publication Year :
- 2022
-
Abstract
- Background: Penile cancer is one of the most aggressive male tumors. Although it is preventable, the main etiologic causes are lifestyle behaviors and viral infection, such as human papillomavirus (HPV). Long-term epigenetic changes due to environmental factors change cell fate and promote carcinogenesis, being an important marker of prognosis. We evaluated epidemiological aspects of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the prevalence of HPV infection using high-risk HPV (hrHPV) and p16 <superscript>INK4A</superscript> expression of 224 participants. Global DNA methylation was evaluated through 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC).<br />Results: The incidence of HPV was 53.2% for hrHPV and 22.32% for p16 <superscript>INK4a</superscript> . hrHPV was not related to systemic or lymph node metastasis and locoregional recurrence, nor influenced the survival rate. P16 <superscript>INK4a</superscript> seems to be a protective factor for death, which does not affect metastasis or tumor recurrence. Lymph node and systemic metastases and locoregional recurrence increase the risk of death. An increased 5mC mark was observed in penile SCC regardless of HPV infection. However, there is a reduction of the 5hmC mark for p16 <superscript>INK4a</superscript> + (P = 0.024). Increased 5mC/5hmC ratio (> 1) was observed in 94.2% of penile SCC, irrespective of HPV infection. Despite the increase in 5mC, it seems not to affect the survival rate (HR = 1.06; 95% CI 0.33-3.38).<br />Conclusions: P16 <superscript>INK4a</superscript> seems to be a good prognosis marker for penile SCC and the increase in 5mC, an epigenetic mark of genomic stability, may support tumor progression leading to poor prognosis.<br /> (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Subjects :
- Male
Humans
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 genetics
Prognosis
5-Methylcytosine
DNA Methylation
Neoplasm Recurrence, Local genetics
Papillomaviridae genetics
Biomarkers, Tumor genetics
Biomarkers, Tumor metabolism
Epigenesis, Genetic
DNA, Viral
Penile Neoplasms genetics
Penile Neoplasms epidemiology
Penile Neoplasms pathology
Papillomavirus Infections complications
Papillomavirus Infections genetics
Papillomavirus Infections epidemiology
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell metabolism
Alphapapillomavirus genetics
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1868-7083
- Volume :
- 14
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Clinical epigenetics
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 36284309
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-022-01360-1