Seeding artificial habitats with native benthic species can prevent the occurrence of exotic organisms.

Seeding native species on pillars and platforms of marinas and harbors has been suggested to reduce space availability and prevent the colonization of exotic nuisance species, which are usually associated with coastal urbanization. The efficacy of seeding, however, has been tested mainly on the intertidal zone. To test how seeding native species in the subtidal zone affects the subsequent colonization and spread of exotic species and the community diversity, we deployed 10 PVC plates seeded with adults of the native sponge Mycale angulosa, 10 with the native ascidian Symplegma rubra, both covering about 6% of the available substrate, and 10 plates free of any intervention in a recreational marina from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. We then assessed the diversity and structure of the sessile community across treatments after eight months. Seeding the substrate with S. rubra resulted in no difference to unseeded communities, which were dominated by the exotic bryozoan Schizoporella errata (>66% of the substrate) and supported on average 16.9 ± 1.3 and 14.2 ± 2.0 morphospecies, respectively. However, seeding the substrate with M. angulosa resulted in a distinct community dominated by the seeded sponge (>97% of the substrate) and supporting only 3.2 ± 0.5 morphospecies. Besides, all 13 registered exotic species were reported from communities seeded with S. rubra, 11 from the unseeded communities, but only three were observed in those seeded with M. angulosa. While the consequences of the low diversity of the community seeded with M. angulosa must be addressed since poor communities are usually associated with low biotic resistance to invasion, seeding resulted in a high dominance of the native sponge, reducing the monopolization of resources by exotic species. These results suggest that seeding the substrate with native species should be implemented along with other interventions for managing artificial habitats in the coastal zone.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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