GC-MS Profiling, Anti- Helicobacter pylori , and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Three Apiaceous Fruits' Essential Oils.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is a challenge due to rising antibiotic resistance and GIT-related disorders. Cuminum cyminum, Pimpinella anisum , and Carum carvi are fruits belonging to the Apiaceae family. Their essential oils were extracted, analyzed using GC-MS, tested for anti- H. pylori activity by a micro-well dilution technique, identified for potential anti- H. pylori inhibitors by an in-silico study, and investigated for anti-inflammatory activity using a COX-2 inhibition assay. Results showed that the main components of C. cyminum, P. anisum, and C. carvi were cumaldehyde (41.26%), anethole (92.41%), and carvone (51.38%), respectively. Essential oil of C. cyminum exhibited the greatest anti- H. pylori activity (3.9 µg/mL) followed by P. anisum (15.63 µg/mL), while C. carvi showed the lowest activity (62.5 µg/mL). The in-silico study showed that cumaldehyde in C. cyminum has the best fitting energy to inhibit H. pylori. C. cyminum essential oil showed the maximum ability to reduce the production of Cox-2 expression approaching celecoxib with IC ₅₀ = 1.8 ± 0.41 µg/mL, followed by the C. carvi oil IC ₅₀ = 7.3 ± 0.35 µg/mL and then oil of P. anisum IC ₅₀ = 10.7±0.63 µg/mL. The investigated phytochemicals in this study can be used as potential adjunct therapies with conventional antibiotics against H. pylori.