Membrane technology as an emergency response against drinking water shortage in scenarios of dam failure.

With dam failure events, there can be changes in water quality and difficulties in the operation of water treatment plants (WTPs) since they were not designed for water treatment under severe pollution conditions. To avoid that, it was investigated two strategies based on pre-oxidation, ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) integrated into a conventional treatment process (coagulation, flocculation, and sand filtration) or with each other, with the potential to reduce the risks of drinking water shortage and guarantee a safe drinking water supply. The study considered the context of the Velhas river basin (Brazil), where water quality is compromised by high turbidities (500-3000 NTU) and excessive arsenic (∼0.4 mg/L), iron (∼50 mg/L), and manganese (∼3 mg/L) levels. They were only partially removed by conventional treatments (removals: 74 ± 21%) and potability standards were only achieved after the membrane separation processes were considered (As: <0.01 mg/L, Mn: <0.1 mg/L, and Fe: <0.3 mg/L). The high water quality after RO enables its blend with the stream obtained after sand filters and would allow for greater flexibility during the operation of WTPs operation. Despite the susceptibility to fouling and most frequent maintenance, the pre-oxidation-UF-RO system would also guarantee a safe drinking water supply. The decision for the most adequate strategy was then based on a multicriteria analysis. A retrofit of conventional WTPs by their integration with UF-RO was classified as the best strategy for centralized facilities, whereas pre-oxidation-UF-RO better fits the reality of decentralized treatments given the lower costs and deployment time. The methodology based on multicriteria analysis and water treatment technologies, exemplified by membranes in this study, presented satisfactory results for different scenarios of critical treatment.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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