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Outbreak of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis associated with Aeromonas hydrophila in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus : The role of turmeric oil in enhancing immunity and inducing resistance against co-infection.
- Source :
-
Frontiers in immunology [Front Immunol] 2022 Sep 02; Vol. 13, pp. 956478. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Sep 02 (Print Publication: 2022). - Publication Year :
- 2022
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Abstract
- Ichthyophthirius multifiliis , a ciliated parasite causing ichthyophthiriasis (white spot disease) in freshwater fishes, results in significant economic loss to the aquaculture sector. One of the important predisposing factors for ichthyophthiriasis is low water temperature (i.e., below 20°C), which affects the health and makes freshwater fishes more susceptible to parasitic infections. During ichthyophthiriasis, fishes are stressed and acute immune reactions are compromised, which enables the aquatic bacterial pathogens to simultaneously infect the host and increase the severity of disease. In the present work, we aimed to understand the parasite-bacteria co-infection mechanism in fish. Later, Curcuma longa (turmeric) essential oil was used as a promising management strategy to improve immunity and control co-infections in fish. A natural outbreak of I. multifiliis was reported (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus from a culture facility of ICAR-CIFRI, India. The fish showed clinical signs including hemorrhage, ulcer, discoloration, and redness in the body surface. Further microbiological analysis revealed that Aeromonas hydrophila was associated (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) with the infection and mortality of P. hypophthalmus , confirmed by hemolysin and survival assay. This created a scenario of co-infections, where both infectious agents are active together, causing ichthyophthiriasis and motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in P. hypophthalmus . Interestingly, turmeric oil supplementation induced protective immunity in P. hypophthalmus against the co-infection condition. The study showed that P. hypophthalmus fingerlings supplemented with turmeric oil, at an optimum concentration (10 ppm), exhibited significantly increased survival against co-infection. The optimum concentration induced anti-stress and antioxidative response in fingerlings, marked by a significant decrease in cortisol and elevated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in treated animals as compared with the controls. Furthermore, the study indicated that supplementation of turmeric oil increases both non-specific and specific immune response, and significantly higher values of immune genes (interleukin-1β, transferrin, and C3), HSP70, HSP90, and IgM were observed in P. hypophthalmus treatment groups. Our findings suggest that C. longa (turmeric) oil modulates stress, antioxidant, and immunological responses, probably contributing to enhanced protection in P. hypophthalmus . Hence, the application of turmeric oil treatment in aquaculture might become a management strategy to control co-infections in fishes. However, this hypothesis needs further validation.<br />Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.<br /> (Copyright © 2022 Kumar, Das, Swain, Chowdhury, Roy, Bera, Das, Parida, Dhar, Jana and Behera.)
- Subjects :
- Aeromonas hydrophila
Animals
Antioxidants therapeutic use
Catalase
Curcuma
Disease Outbreaks
Hemolysin Proteins
Hydrocortisone therapeutic use
Immunoglobulin M therapeutic use
Interleukin-1beta
Iron-Dextran Complex therapeutic use
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Superoxide Dismutase
Transferrins therapeutic use
Water
Catfishes
Ciliophora Infections parasitology
Ciliophora Infections veterinary
Coinfection
Fish Diseases
Hymenostomatida
Oils, Volatile pharmacology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1664-3224
- Volume :
- 13
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Frontiers in immunology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 36119096
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.956478