Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36 in a blinded, randomized, controlled, age de-escalating phase Ib clinical trial in Burkinabe children.

Background: A blood-stage vaccine targeting the erythrocytic-stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum could play a role to protect against clinical disease. Antibodies against the P. falciparum serine repeat antigen 5 (SE47 and SE36 domains) correlate well with the absence of clinical symptoms in sero-epidemiological studies. A previous phase Ib trial of the recombinant SE36 antigen formulated with aluminum hydroxyl gel (BK-SE36) was promising. This is the first time the vaccine candidate was evaluated in young children below 5 years using two vaccination routes.
Methods: Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36 was assessed in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, age de-escalating phase Ib trial. Fifty-four Burkinabe children in each age cohort, 25-60 or 12-24 months, were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive three doses of BK-SE36 either by intramuscular (BK IM) or subcutaneous (BK SC) route on Day 0, Week 4, and 26; or the control vaccine, Synflorix ^® via IM route on Day 0, Week 26 (and physiological saline on Week 4). Safety data and samples for immunogenicity analyses were collected at various time-points.
Results: Of 108 subjects, 104 subjects (96.3%) (Cohort 1: 94.4%; Cohort 2: 98.1%) received all three scheduled vaccine doses. Local reactions, mostly mild or of moderate severity, occurred in 99 subjects (91.7%). The proportion of subjects that received three doses without experiencing Grade 3 adverse events was similar across BK-SE36 vaccines and control arms (Cohort 1: 100%, 89%, and 89%; and Cohort 2: 83%, 82%, and 83% for BK IM, BK SC, and control, respectively). BK-SE36 vaccine was immunogenic, inducing more than 2-fold change in antibody titers from pre-vaccination, with no difference between the two vaccination routes. Titers waned before the third dose but in both cohorts titers were boosted 6 months after the first vaccination. The younger cohort had 2-fold and 4-fold higher geometric mean titers compared to the 25- to 60-month-old cohort after 2 and 3 doses of BK-SE36, respectively.
Conclusion: BK-SE36 was well tolerated and immunogenic using either intramuscular or subcutaneous routes, with higher immune response in the younger cohort.
Clinical Trial Registration: https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=934, identifier PACTR201411000934120.
Competing Interests: TH is the inventor of BK-SE36 and all rights have now been turned over to NPC. NP served as contract researcher for NPC, Apr - Sept 2017. SH, FD and OL received support from NPC for salaries, travel and CRO cost for clinical monitoring. EB, SaC, AD, AZO, JY also received support from NPC for salaries during the long term follow-up. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2022 Bougouma, Palacpac, Tiono, Nebie, Ouédraogo, Houard, Yagi, Coulibaly, Diarra, Tougan, Ouedraogo, Soulama, Arisue, Yaro, D’Alessio, Leroy, Cousens, Horii and Sirima.)